Environmental Technology in Singapore – A Country Study
Current status
The environmental industry in Asia is a growing one. Across Asia, some 760,000 tons of solid waste are generated daily. By 2025, this rate would increase to 1.8 million tons per day. The East and the South East Asian markets are estimated to reach US$50 billion by 2010. As Environmental Technology assumes a new phase, business opportunities abound for companies both in Singapore and the region.
Singapore, a country with few natural resources, faces the challenging task of dealing with an increasing amount of waste generated by its population. In 2002, 2.2 million tonnes of the 5 million tonnes of waste generated, have been recycled (overall recycling rate 45%). Singaporeans generate some 7,200 tonnes of solid waste a day.
Singapore has built up an enviable track record in environmental management and is known for its clean and green reputation. As a progressive user of environmental technologies in Asia, Singapore is known to have struck a balance between economic development and environmental protection. Through the years, Singapore environmental services companies have developed technical expertise in the areas of water technology, waste and wastewater treatment, clean air, consulting and engineering services.
Unlike other countries in the Southeast Asian region, Singapore is equipped with necessary funds, technology, and administrative capacity to maintain a favorable living environment and improve its quality. However, the success so far achieved in environmental management was largely dependent on the strong initiative of the government.
Importance of Environmental Technology for Singapore
The limited land space and high population density in Singapore impose great constraints on the management of the water resources, wastes disposal and the environment in general. Singapore relies on the import of nearly all of its raw energy supply for transportation, power generation, industrial and domestic energy needs.
Up to 50% of water used in Singapore is imported from neighbouring countries. Singapore's water demand has been increasing at some 3% per annum in the last ten years and is expected to increase significantly due to the projected increase in water intensive high-tech and life-sciences industries. In addition to the economic burden, the dependence on neighbouring countries for a vital resource is undesirable and potentially risky.
Governmental agencies and institutions in Singapore, such as Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Development and the universities, have developed a strong inter-agency and institutional linkages. These agencies have been working very closely and providing strong support to develop the local environmental industry.
Imports
Singapore imports nearly all of its hazardous wastes control equipment. Domestic production is less than 2.0% of the total market and is mainly in peripheral and supporting equipment. U.S. is the leader in Singapore for hazardous waste control equipment and technology.
Singapore Environmental Industry
The environmental services industry in Singapore is integrated both horizontally and vertically. Identified as a growth cluster, its core is centred on the linked services of cleaning (both commercially and domestic), pest control and waste management; accounting for an estimated annual turnover of S$1.65 billion per annum.
There are few large environmental companies like SembCorp Environmental Management Pte Ltd (SembEnviro), which is a Singapore Quality Class company and certified to ISO 9001:2000 quality management standards and 14001:1996 environmental management standards. It is the second largest environmental services company in Australia. Hyflux, another environmental company secured Singapore’s first 30 million gallons of desalinated seawater desalination project worth S$250 million.
Future Plans
The Economic Development Board of Singapore has identified the Life Science area as the fourth pillar of industrial growth. The output of the Life Science industry cluster is targeted to reach S$12 billion by 2005. One of the aims of Life Science industry is to harness tools and technologies to produce valuable bio-products and solve difficult toxic waste problems for the environmental industry.
The promotion of the Environmental Technology industry is high on the Government’s list of priorities. Singapore wanted to develop itself as an Environmental Technology HUB that can add value to the economy through the generation of new businesses, products, services, capabilities and jobs. It is well positioned for this role, given its commendable track record in environmental management, good knowledge and technology infrastructure, strong protection for intellectual property rights and commitment to R&D.
Furthermore with an intimate knowledge of Asia's culture and easy accessibility to the region and environmental expertise built up from similar economic, social and physical circumstances to many countries in the region, Singapore is well positioned as a regional headquarter to export environmental services to the whole Asia Pacific market.
Issues for Singapore
Singapore is heavily dependent on external trade. In order to meet the competition with the expanding Chinese market, the Singaporean government will be required to further develop infrastructures in terms of both hardware and software. Strict enforcement of environmental policies will increase the cost of operation and country will loose its competitiveness with emerging neighbours such as Thailand and Malaysia.
Most of the technologies required for Environmental Technology HUB are new to Singapore. The country is in the process of creating skilled man power. For the last ten years, Singapore faces the problem of creating and retaining high-tech manpower. More than 50% of the skilled workers in heavy and chemical industries are foreigners.
Neighbouring countries such as Thailand and Malaysia, also have ambitions to create a vibrant Environmental Technology industry. Unlike Singapore, they do not face shortage of land, energy, manpower and other resources. So, Singapore has to compete with developed and developing countries in this race to be an Asian Environmental Technology HUB .
The environmental technology industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing industries in the Asia Pacific countries. Rapid economic progress and urbanisation have been accompanied by growing pollution and environmental problems, resulting in demand for a wide range of environmental products, services and technology.
By the early 1990s, air pollution was already increasing at two to three times economic growth in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines because of higher motor-vehicle ownership and expanding factories. Energy demand is doubling about every 10 years, with the result that Asia will be producing more sulfur-dioxide emissions than Europe and the US combined by 2005. Across Asia, some 760,000 tons of solid waste are generated daily. By 2025, this rate would increase to 1.8 million tons per day.
Asian cities are already struggling with the hazards of overcrowding, pollution, shortage of clean drinking water and efficient waste treatment facilities. The need to tackle these problems immediately leads to a potentially huge market for environmental technology solutions and management expertise.
Government’s spending on environmental protection amounts to less than 1 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), while the World Bank calculates that neglect of the environment is costing an average of 5 percent of GDP.
The East and the South East Asian markets are estimated to reach US$50 billion by 2010. As Environmental Technology assumes a new phase, business opportunities abound for companies both in Singapore and the region.
Singapore has built up an enviable track record in environmental management and is known for its clean and green reputation. As a progressive user of environmental technologies in Asia, Singapore is known to have struck a balance between economic development and environmental protection. Through the years, Singapore environmental services companies have developed technical expertise in the areas of water technology, waste and wastewater treatment, clean air, consulting and engineering services.
Unlike other countries in the Southeast Asian region, Singapore is equipped with necessary funds, technology, and administrative capacity and will continue to maintain a favorable living environment and improve its quality. However, the success so far achieved in environmental management was largely dependent on the strong initiative of the government.
Singapore remains committed to being a responsible member of the world community. On global cooperation, Singapore wants to continue working with international, regional and national organisations to resolve environmental problems. Singapore tries to meet her obligations under the various multilateral environmental agreements, and continue to share its experience and environmental management expertise with other nations.
At the national level, Singapore takes a holistic approach to involve all stakeholders, such as the industries and general public, in enhancing environmental protection efforts. Singapore is also considering the following actions for the future:
Singapore, a country with few natural resources, faces the challenging task of dealing with an increasing amount of waste generated by its population. High building and operating costs of incineration plants and the lack of space for landfills have given rise to the need for waste minimisation and recycling. In 2002, 2.2 million tonnes of the 5 million tonnes of waste generated, have been recycled, (overall recycling rate 45%). Singaporeans generate some 7,200 tonnes of solid waste a day.
The environmental services industry, identified as a growth cluster, is centred on the linked services of cleaning (both commercially and domestic), pest control and waste management; accounting for an estimated annual turnover of S$1.65 billion per annum.
*Statistics from National Environment Agency, Singapore 2003
The 2001 evaluation of water quality against the water quality control targets in Singapore (for example, 10 mg/liter or less for BOD) produced very good results. 92% of the water samples taken from the water catchment area and 94% of those from the non-water catchment area met the BOD target.
The largest reason for the maintenance of good water quality is the progress made in the construction of public sewer systems. In Singapore, wastewater, both domestic and industrial, is treated basically in public sewer systems. There are now six sewage treatment plants.
Industrial wastewater accounts for a large part of the loads contributing to water pollution, and is under thorough control by the Pollution Control Department of NEA. Industrial plants discharging acidic wastewater, are obligated to install a pH meter at the exit of wastewater and a wastewater shutoff device interlocked with the meter.
Good Major sources of air pollutants in Singapore are stationary ones such as industrial plants, and mobile ones such as cars. Like water quality, air quality is also well under control. In Singapore, a total of 17 air pollution monitoring stations are installed in the general living environment like residential areas and along roads, and air quality is constantly monitored.
The 2001 results of measurements by these stations indicate that the concentrations of major air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM10) in the general living environment are well below the air environmental standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. For example, the average annual value of SO2 is 22ìg/m3 compared to the American standard of 80ìg/m3, and that of PM10, 20ìg/m2 against 50ìg/m2. The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) indicates "GOOD" for 305 days (83% of the 365 days) in 2001.
Another source of air pollutants, exhaust gas from cars, is dealt with by implementing stringent exhaust gas control on individual cars. In addition, this pollution source is indirectly dealt with by limiting the total number of cars through limited issuance of the Certificate of Entitlement (COE), a unique car purchase certificate system of Singapore, and also by limiting car traffic through the introduction of a road pricing scheme.
With greater industrial activity and rising national income, the volume of wastes generated in Singapore is annually increasing. The total volume of solid wastes generated in 2001 was 5 million tons, of which 44.4% or 2.2 million tons were recycled in some way. Remaining 2.8 million tons are disposed of mainly by incineration. 42% of the 2.8 million tons were industrial wastes, and remaining 58% were domestic wastes including those from commercial establishments. These waste treatment and disposal facilities have a treatment capacity exceeding annual 2.80 million tons of wastes generated.
Laws and regulations of Singapore stipulate 26 categories of hazardous industrial wastes. Private enterprises licensed by the Singaporean government are responsible for the collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of these hazardous industrial wastes. About 120 enterprises have acquired some form of business license for the treatment of hazardous industrial wastes.
The current version of the Green Plan aims at preserving the natural resources by measures such as (1) fresh water generation by desalination of seawater and reclamation of water from sewage with the latest technology, (2) promotion of reduction and recycling of wastes, and (3) the raising of energy efficiencies.
The Singapore’s Green Plan targets to be achieved by 2012 include:
Singapore has achieved high economic growth through the free trade policy and active introduction of foreign capital while successfully maintaining a favorable living environment. One reason for this success in environmental management is that Singapore has carried out various environmental policies proactively since the initial stage of rapid economic growth and industrialization. The country's environmental management policy consists of three strategies: pollution prevention, law enforcement, and environmental monitoring.
Singapore has been a country short of water resources, meeting half of its water demand by purchasing water from neighboring Malaysia. For this reason, preservation of water quality is given high priority in environmental administration, and active efforts are being made to build sewage facilities as well to implement effective wastewater control.
As a small country, the polluted environment will be very quickly, felt by its people. This will affect the quality of life. However, environmental protection cannot be carried out at the expense of economic development, as both trade and environmental protection are mutually supportive.
Singapore’s economy is dualistic; it has a large base of multinational companies supported by an even larger base of local Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Singapore is heavily dependent on external trade. In order to meet the competition with the expanding Chinese market, the Singaporean government will be required to further develop infrastructures in terms of both hardware and software. Strict enforcement of environmental policies will increase the cost of operation and country will loose its competitiveness with emerging neighbours such as Thailand and Malaysia.
The environmental services industry in Singapore is integrated both horizontally and vertically. Identified as a growth cluster, its core is centred on the linked services of cleaning (both commercially and domestic), pest control and waste management; accounting for an estimated annual turnover of S$1.65 billion per annum. Its development can be strengthened to enhance its competitive advantages, reduce costs for its clients, and improve the overall quality of life.
One of its priorities is to develop Singapore as an ET hub that can add value to the economy through the generation of new businesses, products, services, capabilities and jobs. It is well positioned for this role, given its commendable track record in environmental management, good knowledge and technology infrastructure, strong protection for intellectual property rights and commitment to R&D.
Furthermore with an intimate knowledge of Asia’s culture and easy accessibility to the region and environmental expertise built up from similar economic, social and physical circumstances to many countries in the region, Singapore is well positioned as a regional headquarter to export environmental services to the whole Asia Pacific market.
Set up in 1972, it has developed and implemented comprehensive environmental protection and public heath programmes. These include putting in place the environmental infrastructure as well as the legal framework. The end result: A "clean and green" Singapore which attracts ET companies to establish base here as a springboard to the region.
On 1 July 2002, the National Environment Agency (NEA) was formed under the Ministry of the Environment (ENV) to focus on the implementation of environmental policies. The new statutory board integrates the offices of Environmental Policy and Management Division, Environmental Public Health, and Meteorological Services to ensure a clean and sustainable environment for Singaporeans.
The Environmental Policy and Management Division plays a major role in protecting the environment in Singapore. It implements programmes to monitor, educate and prevent environmental pollution. It is also responsible for the operation of the four refuse incineration plants and off-shore sanitary landfill in Singapore. This Division also implements programmes to minimise waste generation, and maximise recycling and energy conservation
The Environmental Public Health Division ensures a high standard of public health through comprehensive ground surveillance and appropriate preventive measures. This Division is also responsible for the overall cleanliness in Singapore and a high standard of hygiene in food retail industry.
The Meteorological Services Singapore, renamed as the Meteorological Services Division, is now a part of NEA. It continues to provide valuable weather information to support public health and socio-economic activities. It also issues haze alerts and provides vital meteorological services to the aviation and maritime communities and the military.
Environment Health Institute (EHI) located at Singapore’s Biotech Hub, will use scientific research and the latest biomedical technologies to help us better understand vectors and the diseases they transmit, with a special focus on the Aedes mosquitoes and dengue.
Singapore Environment Institute in February 2003 provides training.
NEA’s 24-hour Call Centre Service handle an average of 400 calls daily. Such calls and queries give invaluable public feedback and NEA is able to respond to specific problems quickly, often nipping them in the bud.
Singaporeans generate some 7,200 tonnes of solid waste a day and about 92% is incinerated. The remaining non-incinerable waste like construction debris is land filled. There are four. incineration plants at Ulu Pandan, Senoko, Tuas, and Tuas South.
The Tuas South Incineration Plant is one of the largest waste-to-energy plants in the world. The $890 million Plant utilises state-of-the-art technology to minimise pollution. Flue gases are treated with calcium carbonate to remove the acidic gases, and then passed through an electrostatic precipitator and catalytic bag filters to remove dust and other pollutants. Metals are removed from the incineration bottom ash before it is disposed of in a sanitary landfill or used in road construction.
Although the amount of waste is greatly reduced through incineration, the leftover ash needs to be properly disposed of. There are also other non-incinerable wastes, such as construction and demolition waste and sludge. Such wastes need to be disposed of in landfills. In land-scarce Singapore, Pulau Semakau landfill was built at a cost of some $610 million, an engineering and ecological feat. It began operations on 1 April 1999 and has an expected lifespan of about 30 years.
Every day, non-incinerable waste and incineration ash are transported to the landfill by barges to the Pulau Semakau landfill. The landfill comprises a seven kilometre long perimeter bund, containing special cells into which the waste is deposited. The cells are lined with an impermeable material, which seals the waste and prevents leachate from getting into the sea. When all the cells are completely filled, the reclaimed island can be redeveloped for either recreational or industrial purposes.
Pollution Control Department under NEA, plays the leading role in implementing environmental measures, in cooperation with other government organizations. NEA's administrative ability is so high that Singapore has become the only country in Asia, except for Japan and South Korea, that can ensure effective environmental control comparable to those of Europe.
Environmental control over industrial pollution is basically executed by applying the Environmental Pollution Control Act (EPCA), the Environmental Public Health Act (EPHA), and a number of regulations under them. Of these control measures, those over environmental problems, including air pollution, water pollution, wastes, and noise, are mostly executed by applying regulations based on EPCA. But attention also needs to be paid to the control executed by applying the Sewer and Drainage Act, the Sewerage and Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations under the Act, and the Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations under EPHA.
On 1 April 2001, the PUB was reconstituted to become a comprehensive water authority. In this capacity it will provide, construct and maintain the infrastructure for the collection, supply and use of water; secure and provide an adequate supply of water for Singapore; and regulate the supply of piped water for human consumption. It will also act as an agent of the Government to construct, manage and maintain the public sewerage system and the storm-water drainage system.
PUB intends to diversify Singapore's water sources. In addition to obtaining water from Singapore's own water catchment areas and Johor, the Government is working with Indonesia for the development of a new source of water supply from Riau Province. PUB continues to develop new technologies (microfiltration and reverse osmosis process) for treating used water for industrial use and adopt state-of-the-art technologies to desalinate seawater.
NEWATER is actually used water that has been purified so well that it is fit for drinking. In fact, the water is even purged of all minerals in the treatment process. The recycled water is called NEWATER because after the treatment process, it gains a new lease of life. Using advanced membrane technology, sewage is reclaimed, micro filtered and put through a reverse osmosis process to remove particles and bacteria. This turns the wastewater into ultra-clean water which is safe to drink. It exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) safe drinking water standards in terms of chemical and physical qualities.
NEWater will be used primarily for non-potable purposes because its ultra pure characteristic can be put to better use in industries such as wafer fabrication, which requires ultra pure water.
PUB has been supplying NEWater from 2003 to seven wafer fabrication plants and the feedback is positive. Demand has now reached 4 million gallons per day (mgd), and is still growing. Other industries and the commercial sector are asking for NEWater too. In time, NEWater will become the primary source of water for industry and the commercial sector for various non-potable uses.
In January 2003, PUB awarded a contract to SingSpring for the supply of desalinated water. Under this Design-Build-Own-Operate (DBOO) contract, SingSpring, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hyflux Ltd, will supply 30 million gallons of desalinated water per day for 20 years. This seawater desalination plant will be one of the first and largest of such water supply facilities in this region and commencement of supply of desalinated water is expected in 2005. PUB has facilitated private sector participation like NEWater.
The Economic Development Board of Singapore has identified the Life Science area as the fourth pillar of industrial growth. EDB's goal is to double the output of the Life Science industry cluster to S$12 billion by 2005. In the life sciences, core biotechnologies and tools are created based on knowledge and manipulation of molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and bioengineering principles. The aim is to harness these tools and technologies to produce valuable bio-products and solve difficult toxic waste problems for the environmental industry.
The promotion of the ET industry is high on the EDB’s list of priorities. Among other things, it actively facilitates investment, business collaboration and joint ventures between local and foreign ET companies through its extensive network of international offices.
EDB, NEA and PUB have launched The EnnovaTe programme to encourage innovation, development and commercialisation of new environmental technologies, products and solutions in Singapore. Project proposals are invited for evaluation. If accepted, NEA or PUB will provide the relevant infrastructure and technical support to implement the project. Approved projects will be considered for funding, by the EDB or ENV under the Innovation Development Scheme or Innovation for Environmental Sustainability Fund.
The programme is open to all Singapore registered firms, companies or organisations. But the bulk of the development work should be conducted in Singapore. Work involving customisation or reconfiguration of commercially available systems will generally not qualify. Areas of interest would include, but are not limited to:
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To meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive global market, the Singapore Trade Development Board has been restructured to focus on internationalising Singapore-based enterprises. Now known as International Enterprise Singapore" or IE Singapore, the mission is to help Singapore based companies who are willing and able to grow and internationalise successfully.
IE Singapore offers a wide range of services, both locally and overseas, to help companies shorten their learning curve and make the right connections. These include providing valuable market information, doing feasibility studies and finding overseas partners.
IE Singapore helps to develop core capabilities from Product and Services Development, Manpower and Branding, to Capital Enablement, Networks and Alliances. With over 30 offices worldwide, IE Singapore is equipped to help environmental technology companies to succeed by providing local market know-how, by helping to overcome market boundaries, and by offering the advantages of regional and global opportunities.
The Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) and the Housing and Development Board (HDB), are in charge of creating and operating industrial estates. They ensure that the environmental aspects of the procedures for application for a building permit for a home or factory are taken care of.
The Ministry of National Development (MND) and its subordinate organization, the Urban Redevelopment Authority, formulate long-term land utilization programs and their detailed regional plans.
The Ministry of Manpower holds jurisdiction over working environment control within factories. The Singapore Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING), provides private enterprises with various incentive programs for establishing environmental management systems.
The new approach is to emphasize on pollution prevention through adoption of "cleaner" methods of production, with wastes being viewed as potential resources. Cleaner production technologies promoted since mid 1980 have shifted the focus from pollution control to pollution prevention.
Singapore is following its Industry 21 blueprint for future industrial development, which envisages that its knowledge-based economy will be driven by the twin engines of manufacturing and services. Industry 21 is a blueprint for the development of electronics, chemicals, life sciences, engineering, education, healthcare, logistics, communications and media, as well as promoting Singapore-based multinational enterprises.
The strategy is to support R&D that will enhance Singapore's technological capabilities and generate economic spin-offs in areas such as solid and hazardous waste management, water treatment and air quality management.
The emphasis on education and vocational training in Singapore has resulted in the increased number of qualified professional and availability of a skilled work force. These include the diploma, undergraduate and post graduate courses on environmental technology and engineering being taught at universities and polytechnics. Industry-relevant courses, like the Environmental Management Systems and Environmental Impact Assessment courses are also conducted by other government institutions.
The political and economic framework is completely attuned to help businesses achieve their objectives and this makes Singapore the leading choice as regional headquarters for multi-national companies.
Companies using Singapore as a base for their operations enjoy the following competitive advantages: a strategic location close to the region's leading business centres; a world-class seaport and airport; highly advanced telecommunications facilities and information technology; total logistics capabilities; extensive warehousing facilities and free port status.
The EDB's Operational Headquarters (OHQ) and Business Headquarters (BHQ) programmes come with a package of incentives to help environmental technology companies derive the maximum benefits from using Singapore as a hub for their business activities.
Environmental technology companies can tap Singapore's excellent business infrastructure to establish their manufacturing operations, or to provide engineering services, either as a joint venture or a wholly foreign owned subsidiary.
Environmental technology companies can use Singapore as a base for R&D support and technical back-up - taking advantage of its research and development infrastructure to develop or customise products and processes for the regional market. Suitable tax incentives are offered for higher value-added and knowledge-intensive activities.
As a world class communications hub and the centre for warehousing and logistics support in the region, Singapore offers an attractive location as a regional distribution centre for environmental technology products. Ample convention, exhibition and training facilities also make it eminently suitable as a showcase for demonstrating new technology and a centre for manpower training.
Singapore's close proximity to major markets in the region and excellent telecommunications and information technology infrastructure makes it an ideal international procurement centre.
Energy consumption in Singapore can be attributed to three main sectors, namely industries, residential and commercial buildings and transport. Each of them is responsible for roughly one third of the total energy consumed in Singapore.
For the industrial sector, the Public Utilities Board has been providing energy audit services and advice on energy conservation to the manufacturing plants. It also has an on-going programme to assist and encourage industries in setting up an energy auditing system.
There is a tax incentive scheme under which companies can claim accelerated depreciation allowance in one year for their capital expenditure on energy efficient equipment instead of the normal three years. The purpose of the scheme is to encourage companies to conserve energy by replacing the older energy inefficient equipment and investing in new energy saving technologies such as heat recovery systems and variable speed drive motors.
In the building sector, efforts to improve energy efficiency started in 1979. Since then, energy conservation standards for design of buildings have been incorporated in the local building code. The energy conservation standards prescribe a maximum Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) to reduce heat transfer into a building. The current Building Control Regulations include specific requirements on energy conservation such as zoning of air-conditioned space for temperature control and having an automatic control for each hotel room to regulate lighting and air-conditioning when the room is not used.
85% of the Singapore’s population are housed in apartments built by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). The HDB spares no effort in adopting energy saving measures in the design of public housing. The apartments are designed for natural ventilation to minimise the need for air-conditioning, a major energy consumer in the local hot and humid weather conditions. For newer flats, sun-shades are provided to reduce direct sunlight into the living areas.
In the case of the transport sector, Singapore actively promotes the use of public transport. A comprehensive range of efficient public transport is available, such as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), the Light Rail Transit (LRT) and public buses. It is well proven that public transport uses significantly less energy to move people than cars. Singapore also has in place many measures to manage the growth and usage of private vehicles. For example, the Vehicle Quota System, which was introduced in 1990, has moderated the growth of the vehicle population at a sustainable rate.
Figures from a study by Ministry of the Environment show that by replacing less energy efficient refrigerators and air-conditioning units, which are the major domestic electricity consumption sources, with more energy efficient ones over a ten-year period, energy savings of 26% and 8% can be achieved respectively. Likewise, energy savings of similar magnitudes can also be achieved in commercial, institutional and industrial buildings.
Government formed an Inter-Agency Committee on Energy Efficiency (IACEE) in 1998 to address the concerns over the increasing energy consumption of Singapore and to recommend policy measures to improve energy efficiency in Singapore. The completed report in 1999, has been made public for getting wider support.
EDB launched the Innovation Development Scheme in 1995, and ENV launched the Innovation for Environmental Sustainability (IES) fund in 2001. EDB and NEA have launched Environmental Test-bedding Initiative, a private-public partnership on 21 AUGUST 2003. Besides financial assistance, the private sector partners will have easier access to relevant infrastructure and technical expertise in the public sector. Two identified projects during launching are:
Many big foreign companies have already set up production facilities here. Local players like Sembawang, Singaport Cleanseas and Hyflux are also eager to claim their share in the growing ET pie. Activities of selected ET players are given below.
SembCorp Environmental Management Pte Ltd (SembEnviro) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SembCorp Industries. It is a Singapore Quality Class company and certified to ISO 9001:2000 quality management standards and 14001:1996 environmental management standards.
Backed by more than a decade of industry experience and technical expertise, SembEnviro is the largest waste management company in Singapore and the second largest environmental services company in Australia. It offers total integrated solutions for waste treatment and environmental project management, catering to the municipal, industrial, commercial and healthcare sectors. SembEnviro also undertakes waste management projects on a Design, Build, Own & Operate (DBOO) or Build, Own, Operate & Transfer (BOOT) basis.
SembEnviro's business activities are:
SembEnviro has also a market presence in China and Malaysia.
SembEnviro formed a 60/40 joint venture with Australia-based VISY Recycling to build and operate Asia’s first fully automated Materials Recovery Facility in Singapore, to sort paper, glass, plastic and metals. VISY Recycling is a global leader in recycling and is part of VISY Industries, the world’s largest privately owned paper and packaging company.
Recently in September 2003, SembEnviro formed a joint venture with Australia’s largest construction and demolition waste recycler, Alex Fraser, to build, own and operate Singapore’s first trommel-based recovery facility. Alex Fraser, which has a 125-year track record in Australia, provides technical expertise and know-how, research and development, and marketing network. SembEnviro holds 75 per cent interest in this joint venture.
SembEnviro took a 60 per cent interest in Tay Paper Resources, a leading paper recycling company in Singapore, in April 2003. Now known as SembEnviro Tay Paper, the company owns and operates a paper sorting plant in Singapore and is engaged in the procurement and trans-shipment of paper from Europe, the United States and Indonesia to paper mills in Southeast Asia.
Outside Singapore, SembEnviro owns a strategic 40 per cent interest in Australia’s second largest waste management company, SITA Environmental Solutions. The remaining stake is held by SITA, Europe’s largest and the world’s fourth largest environmental services company. SembEnviro, together with SITA, provides a comprehensive suite of environmental solutions in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.
SembEnviro made its first foray into China in March 2003 by forming a 60 per cent owned joint venture, Shanghai SembEnviro Reliance, with Shanghai Sincere Environmental Services Company. The joint venture provides industrial and commercial waste collection services to more than 75 customers including multinational manufacturing companies, such as Sharp, Motorola and Siemens.
In Malaysia, SembEnviro joins hands with Consolidated Plantations, to build a biomass waste-to-energy plant in Tennamaran, Malaysia, which converts palm oil waste, which would otherwise have been discarded, into energy for sale and self-consumption.
SembEnviro owns Singapore’s largest domestic waste collection and disposal company SembWaste. With more than 25 years of operating experience, SembWaste has the most complete waste management infrastructure.
In the industrial and commercial sector, SembWaste commands some 20 per cent of the market, serving more than 30,000 industrial and trade premises.
On the healthcare front, SembWaste Medical is the leading medical waste service provider, handling the disposal of biohazardous, cytotoxic, radioactive and pharmaceutical wastes.
SembWaste also runs recycling programmes in the five municipal sectors and provides recycling services to industrial and commercial clients to help them achieve cost savings through more efficient resource usage and waste reduction.
URL: www.sembcorp.com.sg/
Undertakes turnkey contracts for Municipal Sewage, Industrial waste water and Clear Water Projects.
Activities include environmental Engineering Works, Industrial Plant Contracting, Marketing of Equipment. URL: www.ittai.com
Undertakes Solids Control Services, Tank Sludge Cleaning, Drilling Fluid Separation
URL: www.mid-continents.com/env.htm
Undertakes turnkey, Project management, Design & Construction of Water & Wastewater Treatment Plants, Industrial Plants and Power Plant. URL: www.salcongroup.com
Keppel Infrastructure Environmental Development Environmental Development is active in the following areas:
Activities include Municipal/Industrial Water Treatment, Contaminated Soil/Groundwater Remediation, Solid Waste Management, Air-Pollution Control
Activities include Solid Waste Management, Air Pollution Abatement and Transboundary Waste Management. URL: www.env-solutions.com
NatSteel EnviroTech is a wholly owned subsidiary of Singapore listed NatSteel Ltd. Being part of the most diversified local steel mill industrial group, the company extended its business with the provision of steel mill services in slag removal and treatment of steel wastes. It recycles steel waste slag and transforms it into premium steel slag aggregate for road construction and resurfacing.
NatSteel EnviroTech has been aggressively expanding its environmental business focusing on provision of air quality testing services, treatment and recycling of domestic and industrial wastewater. The company also treats and recycles industrial wastes, Dioxin & DeNOx Destruction Systems into useful environment friendly products.
URL: www.natsteelenvirotech.com.sg
Singaport CleanSeas has been in the waste oil management and treatment business since 1972. CleanSeas manages and operates customised equipment to treat the different oily wastes and to meet the latest environmental standards.
Each year over 500 ships-tankers, container ships, bulk carriers, cruise liners, cargo freighters and naval vessels belonging to more than 200 international ship owners use their facility. They also provide services to oil terminals and refineries, power stations and shipyards.
Western Pneumatic Pte Limited is active in the following areas -
Ashtead through its Singapore office, rent technically-advanced equipment for underwater positioning and survey, remote visual inspection in hazardous areas, environmental monitoring and non-destructive testing.
Supplies Analytical Equipment, Air Pollution Monitoring, Gas Detectors, Water Pollution Monitoring, Pure Water Systems and Flow Meters
Supplies Wet Fume Scrubbers, Dry Activated Carbon Chambers and Chemical Resistant Fiberglass Fans
Supplies Waste Recovery and Recycling Equipment Manufacturers, Crushers, Screens, Conveyors and Magnets. URL: www.asiapacific.com.sg
Supplies Metering Pumps, Instruments and Accessories for Water Treatment
URL: www.asiaclean.com
Supplies Pumps & related Equipment for Fluid Handling; Bottle & Square Type Cooling Towers and Fans and Ventilators. URL: www.asiaticgroup.com.sg
Supplies Jet/Venturi /Absorption Scrubbers, Thermal Recuperative / Catalytic / Regenerative Oxidizers URL: www.atea-et.com
Deals with Air Pollution Control and Waste Water Equipment manufacturing
Supplies Gas Scrubbers, Venury Scrubbers, Waste Water Treatment Membranes, Heavy Metal Removal from Waste Water and Biodiesel Technology. URL: www.ecchem.com
Activities include Marine Galley and Laundry Equipments - Water Economical and with Low Environmental Impact. URL: www.electrolux-professional.com
Undertakes Design of Water and Waste Water Treatment Plants, Turnkey Project in Civil & Structural and Environmental area. URL: www.environmental.com.sg
Supplies Surface & Submersibles Pumps and VFD for Commercial, Residential, and Agricultural Applications. URL: www.ittind.com
Supplies Dust Collectors, Bag Filters, Fan Cyclones and Silo Discharge Systems for Wood-Based Industries URL: www.lignar.com
Products include RO Membranes & Systems, Pressure Vessels & Components, and UV, NF, UF, Ozonators. URL: www.mizutec.com
Products include Chamber & Membrane Filter Presses and Heavy Machinery & Equipment
Products include Mist Cooling Systems for Cooling, Fogging, Dust and Odor Control
Products include Manufacturer of Metering Pumps, Dosing Pumps and pH Conductivity Controller for the Water and Waste & Laundry Chemical Treatment. URL: www.seko.it
Activities include Energy Services Provider, Energy & Water Resources Conservation
Activities include Design, Install, Engineering and Consulting in Solar & Wind Power
Supports Sustainable Energy Asia and Energy Efficiency Asia.
Hyflux plays a pivotal role in the development of Singapore’s water resources sustainability. They will be building two NEWater plants at Bedok and Seletar; and a raw water treatment plant at Chestnut Avenue Waterworks. Hyflux secured Singapore’s first 30 million gallons of desalinated seawater desalination project worth S$250 million.
The Group also made its first foray into the consumer market through the launch of the Aquovate™ Technology that works to extract, filter and purify naturally present moisture in the air. Now Hyflux has established companies having exclusive manufacturing and marketing rights covering almost all of Asia, China, India and Australia.
http://www.hyflux.com/
Activities include Biocide Potable Drinking Water Purification, Municipal Drinking Water Purification, Swimming Pool Treatment and Biofilm Control
URL: www.biosafeinternational.com
Activities include Water & Waste Water Recycling and Membrane Specialist and Total Fluid Management. URL: www.hyflux.com
Deals with Water & Waste Water, Air Purification and Power Engineering & Construction. URL: www.jel.com.sg
Activities include Permanent Hi-Rate Filters, Uniclor Chlorine Generators, Water Treatment Engineering and Water Feature Engineering. URL: www.uniclor.com
Activities include Water and Sewage Treatment Plants, Pumps, Micro Hydro Turbines, and Waste Treatment & Recycling Facilities. URL: www.kubota.co.jp/
Activities include Water & Waste Water Treatment Engineering & Construction and Central Cooling System.
Activities include Water and Wastewater Treatment Consultation, Equipment Supply, Services and Support.
Water Management and related activities. URL: www.grandertechnology.com.sg
CLEANWATER, was formed to provide the most advanced water treatment technology available. CLEANWATER is DBOO (Design, Build, Own + Operate) complete solution provider specialising in membrane separation systems. URL: www.cleanwater.com.sg
Setsco performs environmental monitoring and assessment and formulates an abandonment strategy and offer professional advice on all issues pertaining to environmental quality & risk assessment. This includes:
Trading in Carbon Credits to Mitigate the Effects of Global Warming.
Activities include ISO 14001 EMS, OHSAS 18001 OHSMS, ISO 9001 QMS, SMS, SCC, Consultancy & Training in SEA. URL: www.ccis.com.sg
Environmental, Health and Safety Consultancy, Training, Testing & Monitoring, Engineering and Auditing. URL: www.novoets.com.sg
Environment & Green Energy: Consulting, Business & Project Development. URL: www.bizasianetwork.com
Activities include Crude Sludge and Slop Oil Recycling and Electrolysis Hydrogen Generator for Cooking and Heating. URL: www.mobilerefinery.com
Environmental Laboratory Providing Physical, Inorganic, Organic, Bacteriological and Toxicological Analyses
Activities include Odour Control Technology and Odour Measurement
Activities include Inspection, Auditing, Certification and Commissioning
Activities include Indoor Air Sampling and Monitoring, Air Quality Monitoring, On-Site Testing for pH, Alkalinity, Hardness, Heavy Metals, D.O. etc
Activities include Water Measuring Technologies - Flow Meters, Dissolved Oxygen Analyzers, Oil in Water Monitoring. URL: www.eastern-energy-services.com
Activities include Water Quality Instruments such as pH, ORP, Conductivity, TDS and Dissolved Oxygen Meters. URL: www.eutechinst.com
Activities include Sampling and Analysis of: Source Emissions, Indoor Air Quality, Industrial Hygiene, Solid & Liquid Waste, Water, Soil & others. URL: www.sgs.com
Singapore Test Services (STS), provides total environmental solutions to industries, who want to maintain their ISO 14000 program or working towards ISO 14000 certification.
STS has been accredited by Singapore Accreditation Council, to ISO 17025 for environmental testing. It is also an approved test center, approved by Government Bodies such as Ministry of the Environment and Ministry of Manpower, to conduct various testing activities for compliance monitoring in environmental pollution (air, water, land, noise) and occupational safety and health monitoring (personal and factory area)..
PSB Certification Pte Ltd is a Certification Body for ISO 14000 (Industry group). The objective is to promote and certify organisations to the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System standard. It also helps companies to upgrade to higher environmental performance and assist them achieve business excellence.
URL: www.psbcert.com
Recyling of all Types Refrigerants CFCR11, CFCR12, HCFCR22, R502, R134A.
Publishes Oil & Gas Information for Asia & Middle East
Activities include Publishing, Conference Organization, Information & Media Business - Emissions Trading & CDM in Asia Conference
Activities include ENVIRONMEX / WATERMEX ASIA, Exhibition & Conference
Suntec Integrated Media is a division of Suntec Singapore International Convention & Exhibition Centre (Suntec Singapore). The company has organized the following five events for environmental groups last year:
HQ Link Pte Ltd organized events such as Envirotec China 2003, Envirotec Malaysia 2003 and Envirotec Vietnam 2003. The company is active in Management, Administration, Economics and Marketing Consultancy.
Singapore imports nearly all of its hazardous wastes control equipment. Domestic production is less than 2.0% of the total market and is mainly in peripheral and supporting equipment. Industry sources are of the view that the U.S. is the leader in Singapore for hazardous waste control equipment and technology.
The presence of major U.S. environment consultancy firms in Singapore and the U.S. Agency for International Development have helped to enhance the position of the U.S. in this market. The US-AEP's Singapore office promotes U.S. environmental technology to Singapore firms and government agencies. It also publicizes opportunities in the environment market to U.S. companies.
This agency facilitates the transfer of environmental know-how and expertise into the region, through seminars, workshops and conferences on environmental management and related technologies.
The Institute of Environmental Science and engineering (IESE) has been created by merging NTU's Environmental Engineering Research Centre, the NTU-Maritime Port Authority's Maritime Research Centre, and the restructured former Environmental Technology Institute. IESE aims to be a world class center for environmental science and engineering and serve as a coordinator for environmental R&D investment in Singapore. The consolidation of these entities will accelerate the advancement of knowledge, together with the generation of intellectual property rights and their exploitation.
The research activities of the Environmental Group are mainly carried out in the Environmental Engineering Research Centre and the Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering and are focused on the following core areas:
IESE is organized into six technology centers, discussed in detail.
Environmental Engineering Research Centre (EERC) is a multi-disciplinary research and development centre jointly established by the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and the Ministry of the Environment (ENV). The centre spearheads environmental research programmes with academic resources from staff of NTU and the National Institute of Education.
EERC's active research and training activities in environmental engineering contribute significantly towards establishing an 'Environmental Business and Technology Hub' in Singapore. The objectives are:
Maritime Research Centre (MRC), was established jointly by the Maritime and Port Authority (MPA)and NTU, to coordinate research and development effort among various local and international organisations. It is dedicated to the research and development of port and maritime technology. MRC develops innovative approaches of port management and utilisation of coastal environment resources, in addition to providing continuing education and professional training in port operation, maritime practices and coastal management
Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre serves as the focal point for the development of environmental biotechnologies to detoxify, recover and recycle environmental wastes. The research work is focused on biomonitoring /biosensor development, bioextraction, bioremediation, and marine environmental technologies.
The centre’s goals are:
Advanced Clean Energy (ACE) Centre builds on existing strength developed over the past three years on natural gas separation and production processes. The research work at IESE will be extended through collaborations to include hydrogen production and generation systems, natural gas conversion and fuel cell technologies, biomass energy systems as well as novel hydrogen utilisation technologies. Under this program, IESE will focus on the R&D activities on novel, alternative energy technologies:
Advanced Membrane Technology Centre at IESE serves as the focal point for the development of novel membrane technology into the water cycle in Singapore through core research and national strategic research programs. The focus of the research is on the use of membrane for a sustainable water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, recovery of liquid wastes and protection of the aqueous environment.
Membrane based technologies have advanced the state-of-the-art in areas of water treatment and production, niche applications in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and petrochemical industries as well as environmental control.
The research is organised into a Core Research Program and a Temasek Professor Program. The Temasek professor program is a highly competitive award given to leading researchers who have demonstrated an exceptional level of research achievement. The program aims to attract world renowned leaders/professors from overseas to lead and engage in cutting edge research projects in Singapore. Professor Anthony G. Fane was appointed the Temasek Professor to lead a three-year program entitled 'Membrane Technolgy for Sustainable Water' in September 2002.
Centre for Advanced Research of Ecomaterials (CARE) is an advanced materials research initiative emphasising on in-situ characterisation and cutting-edge simulation methods to attain an atomistic understanding of environmentally significant chemical interactions. With this knowledge, design solutions to real-world pollution and recycling challenges can be developed.
While other programs express considerable expertise in the development of novel processing methods for the transformation of conventional materials, CARE in contrast, is concerned with the development of novel materials that can be processed by conventional means.
The core competencies of CARE scientists and students reside in the disciplines of crystal chemistry and mineralogy. The major experimental methods applied to these studies are:
The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering's primary functions are to train and educate professional civil and structural engineers, and to advance the state of knowledge in important civil, structural and environmental engineering fields. The academic departments closely work with IESE located in NTU
Environmental Science and Technology (under chemical engineering department) group's main interests are in the following five research fields"
Centre for Water Research (CWR) is formed to provide a holistic approach on a multi-disciplinary platform to address the R&D needs on water infrastructure development for Singapore. CWR conducts fundamental research on water and wastewater engineering and serve as a focus point of R&D for water infrastructure needs in Singapore and the regional countries. The centre also trains technical manpower in water infrastructure research and development.
R&D focuses into innovative water quality enhancement and water reclamation systems that would facilitate Singapore and the regional countries to protect their water environment and to secure adequate water supplies at affordable cost.
Ngee Ann Polytechnic provides education, training and development and specialist services in Civil & Structural, Environmental Engineering and Environmental Management. It conducts short courses on:
Ngee Ann Polytechnic undertake collaborative R&D in the areas of Ambient air quality, Bioremediation of contaminated land, Membrane technology, Ambient and indoor air quality management, Contaminated land remediation techniques, Environmental health, Occupational health and safety, and Water technology.
The Industry Partners are Land Transport Authority, Nanyang Technological University, Ministry of Environment, and Public Utilities Board.
ENV set up the Centre for Environmental Training (CET) as an internal training arm of the Ministry. CET provided training to officials from other countries and has conducted more than thirty regional environmental training programmes for some 500 participants from over 50 countries.
CET has transformed itself into a full fledge education and training institute - the Singapore Environment Institute (SEI) in February 2003.
SEI is working closely with Small Island Developing States (SIDS) on training relating to environmental sustainability. As an island state, Singapore's own experience in tackling environmental challenges is relevant to the SIDS. Course covers topics on environmental protection and environmental health management.
The role of SEI is to contribute to the development and upgrading of a knowledge-driven and skills intensive workforce in environmental industry and community in response to rapid transformation now taking place in the global environmental industry.
SEI is now working in partnership with NEA, PUB, the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University, the Asia Pacific Centre for Environmental Law, Ministry of Manpower, Singapore Civil Defence Force, and Ngee Ann and Singapore Polytechnics. The key areas for collaboration are: pollution control management; urban environmental management; environmental public health management; and environmental legislation.
SEI and the TAFE-Sydney Institute from Australia will develop training programmes in environmental technology. SEI will roll out several courses as well as e-learning courses including the Management of Hazardous Substances for Environmental Control Officers, Fundamentals of Indoor Air Quality, Responsible Care and SEI E-leaning Orientation Programme.
The Environmental Engineering Research Centre (EERC) was officially launched on 6 September 1999. EERC is a multi-disciplinary research and development centre jointly established by the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and the Ministry of the Environment (ENV).
The centre spearheads environmental research programmes with academic resources from staff of NTU and the National Institute of Education (NIE).
EERC's active research and training activities in environmental engineering contribute significantly towards establishing an 'Environmental Business and Technology Hub' in Singapore. The Centre's R&D effort focuses on many aspects of environmental engineering that are of concern to Singapore and the surrounding region.
Environmental Health Institute (EHI) located at Science Park II in Pasir Panjang, the aim of this institute is to conduct applied research in order to develop new, innovative and cost-effective disease prevention strategies to safeguard the public health. Specifically, the EHI will be focusing on the mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases, such as Aedes mosquitoes and dengue respectively, in addition to other environmental health diseases.
Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC) helps in Computational Science & Engineering Research
Singapore Environment Council (SEC) was set up in 1995 to promote greater environmental awareness among general public in Singapore.
The Council organises various public programmes to drive home the message of environmental consciousness and greater sense of environmental responsibility. It also assists other organisations and institutions in promoting environmental awareness.
SEC organises Green labelling to award environment-friendly products with eco-labels. The Green Label can be used on products which meet the eco standards specified by the scheme. SEC has also launched a Green Map of Singapore in 2000 to give a better understanding of Singapore's ecological status.
The Target Groups are: Schools and Tertiary Institutions; Green Groups; Community Centers; Media; and Private Sector Business Organization. URL: www.sec.org.sg
Singapore Association for Environmental Companies (SAFECO) was established in 1994 to consolidate the strength of ET companies in Singapore and help them tap and access the vast environmental market in the region. This initiative was supported by the government. There are some seventy five corporate members in Safeco made up mostly of SMEs and a number of MNCs and institutions who are involved in providing environmental technology, environmental systems and equipment, consultancy and training both in Singapore and beyond.
The association aims to promote business and trade alliances between local firms and potential partners from overseas. It also aims to promote the forming of consortiums among local companies, to encourage them to compete in the regional market with a total package of services. URL: www.safeco.org.sg
APCEL was established in Feb 96 by the faculty of Law, National University of Singapore, in collaboration with UNEP in response to the need for capacity building in environmental legal education and the need for promotion of awareness in environmental issues.
Some of on-going programmes of APCEL are as follows:
Youth Environmental Network (YEN) unites the expertise, energy, vigour of green youth groups into a concerted effort towards a greener environment by providing the platform for the exchange of ideas, experiences and plans.
Activities include Electronic and standard publications, including YEN website and monograph titled, "Communication and the Environment"; Organising Youth Environmental Summit; and Environmental plays.
Earthlink in NTU instills a sense of environmental awareness among students and staff of NTU, to make environmentalism a way of life, to publish articles and publicise articles of interest and matters realted to the Club and to aid other oragnisations in setting up recycling projects.
Nature Society (Singapore) is dedicated to the study, conservation and enjoyment of the natural heritage in Singapore, Malaysia and surrounding region.
Students Against The Violation Of The Earth (SAVE) promotes awareness and serve as platform for discussions on environmental issues among undergraduates.
Regional Institute Of Environmental Technology (RIET) was established since 1993 and registered in Singapore as a not-for-profit public company. RIET acts as an international network that:
RIET's strength is that it stretches across 30 Asian, European, American and other developed and developing countries. It has over 10,000 professionals links to environment-related centres of competence, institutions, administrations, industry federations, professional associations as well as big and small companies across the world that are users or suppliers of environmental competence.
RIET is a unique international forum to discuss environment and business issues, exchange best practices, network for environmental excellence and match environmental needs and solutions across Asia and between Asia and advanced countries of the world especially Europe.
RIET assists Asian economies to integrate sound environmental management policies and practices into their economic development. URL: www.riet.org/
A*STAR: Agency for Science, Technology and Research
BOD: Biological oxygen demanding
COE: Certificate of Entitlement
EDB: Economic Development Board
ENV: Ministry of the Environment
EPCA: Environmental Pollution Control Act
EPHA: Environmental Health Control Act
ET: Environmental Technology
HDB: Housing & Development Board
JTC: Jurong Town Corporation
MND: Ministry of National Development
MRC: Maritime Research Centre
MTI: Ministry of Trade and Industry
NEA: National Environment Agency
NTU: Nanyang Technological University of Singapore
NUS: National University of Singapore
PC: Pollution Control Department
PM: particulate matter
PPM: Parts per million
PSI: Pollutant Standards Index
SEEDS: Startup Enterprise Development Scheme by EDB
SPRING: Singapore Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board
URA: Urban Redevelopment Authority